اختلال اراده به‌عنوان دفاع جزئی در حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری و کنش‌پذیری از کامن‌لا

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته دکتری فقه و حقوق جزا، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

بنیان نظری معاذیری همچون «مسئولیت تقلیل‌یافته»، «عذر برانگیختگی»، «مستی» و «وضعیت روحی و روانی متهم»، اختلال اراده است. در اساسنامۀ دیوان‌های بین‌المللی کیفری به اختلال اراده به‌عنوان دفاع جزئی به‌طور مستقیم اشاره نشده است؛ هرچند بر مبنای بند 3 مادۀ 31 اساسنامۀ دیوان بین‌الملل کیفری، دیوان می‌تواند دیگر اسباب معافیت مجازات را مدنظر قرار دهد و از این منظر به اختلال اراده توجه کند. با وجود پذیرش مفاهیمی همچون ناتوانی ذهنی در چارچوب حقوقی دیوان بین‌الملل کیفری و دادگاه بین‌الملل کیفری یوگسلاوی سابق که می‌تواند دامنۀ اسباب بالقوۀ قابل اعمال در تخفیف مجازات را توسعه دهد؛ اما در مورد مصادیق اختلال اراده در اساسنامۀ این دیوان‌ها، رهیافتی کاملاً محتاطانه اتخاذ شده است. در واقع با پایبندی به فلسفۀ وضع قوانین سختگیرانه در جنایات بین‌المللی، تنها به پذیرش مصادیق اختلال اراده به‌عنوان یک مخفف قضایی اکتفا شده است. این در حالی است که در نظام کامن‌لا، به‌طور خاص حقوق انگلستان، اختلال اراده به‌عنوان یک مخفف قانونی ظاهر می‌شود و موجب تبدیل ماهیت قتل عمد به قتل غیرعمد می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Willing disorder as a partial defense in international criminal law and the influence from Common law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Raheleh seyed Morteza hosseiny 1
  • Habib Soryani 2
  • Azam Mahdavipour 1
1 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D. Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran. (Adjunct Professor, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran)
چکیده [English]

The theoretical basis of excuses such as “Diminished Responsibility”, “Provocation”,” intoxication” and “accused mental condition”, is impaired volition. Volitional Impairment as a partial defense is not explicitly mentioned in the Statute of the International Criminal Courts; However, according to the clause 3 of article 31 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the court may consider other grounds for impunity and pay attention to the impaired volition from this point of view. Despite the acceptance of concepts such as mental disorder in the legal framework of the International Criminal Court and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, which can expand the range of potential reasons for mitigating the punishment; a very cautious approach has been adopted regarding cases of disturbance of volition in the statute of criminal courts.
In fact, according to adhering to the philosophy of establishing strict laws in international crimes, examples of impaired volition have been limited just as a judicial mitigating excuse. This is despite the fact that in the Common law system, especially in the law of England, impaired volition is addressed as a partial excuse (partial defense) in some cases of intentional homicide, and it reduces the punishment for homicide to manslaughter.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Diminished Responsibility
  • Provocation
  • Intoxication
  • Mental Condition
  • Volitional Impairment

مراجع

  1. الف) فارسی

    1. کلارکسون، کریستوفر (1395). تحلیل مبانی حقوق جزای عمومی. ترجمۀ حسین میرمحمدصادقی، چ دوم، تهران: جنگل.
    2. کیت‌شیایزری، کریانگ‌ساک (1393). حقوق بین‌المللی کیفری. ترجمۀ بهنام یوسفیان و محمد اسماعیلی، چ چهارم، تهران: سمت.

     

    ب) انگلیسی

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    Judgments

    1. Dowds Case, Court of Appeal, No.EWCA Crim 281, England, 2012.
    2. England and Wales court appeal( criminal division), PS v. R, No. EWCA, Crim 2286, 2019
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    5. ICTY, Dražen Erdemović, Case No IT-96-22-T, Judgment, 29 November 1996.
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    7. ICTY, Naser Orić, Case No. IT-03-68-T, Judgment, 30 June 2006.
    8. ICTY, Plavsi ́c, Case No. IT-00-39-6k 40/1-S, Sentencing Judgement, Trial Chamber, 2003.
    9. ICTY, Ranko Češić, Case No IT-95-10/1-S, Judgment, 11 March 2004.
    10. ICTY, Judgement in the Case The Prosecutor against Dusko Sikirica, Damir Dosen and Dragan Kolundzija, Case No.: IT-95-8-T, 2001.
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    Documents

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    8. The Law Commission’s Final Report, Partial Defences to Murder. (2004). London: Law Commission.
    9. Victorian Law Reform Commission, the Role of Victims of Crime in the Criminal Trial Process, Consultation Paper (Report August 2016).

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