ابعاد حقوقی مقابله با هواپیماربایی در پرتو تحولات حقوقی پس از یازده سپتامبر2001

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

یکی از چالش های پیش روی هوانوردی، مسأله هواپیماربایی و نحوه مقابله با آن است. در یک چارچوب گسترده، یک اقدام متمرکز برای مقابله با هواپیما ربایی در پایان دهه 60 آغاز شد. این موضوع به طور جزیی در کنوانسیون 1969 توکیو درج شد لیکن به دلیل اهمیت آن به طور جداگانه در یک سند معاهداتی مستقل با عنوان کنوانسیون مقابله با تصرف غیر قانونی هواپیما موسوم به کنوانسیون لاهه 1970 مطرح شد. این سند معاهداتی، بر یک جرم مشخص، یعنی تصرف غیر قانونی هواپیما در هوانوردی کشوری بین المللی متمرکز است. به باور نگارنده کنوانسیون لاهه، به هدف اولیه خود دست یافت و بلافاصله یه یکی از مقبول ترین اسناد بین المللی مقابله با تروریسم در هوانوردی تبدیل شد. با وجود این، تحولات پس از یازده سپتامبر و بروز چالش های حقوقی جدید، سبب شد تا در 2010 در کنفرانسی که در پکن تشکیل شد، دو سند بین المللی جدید معرفی و به تصویب برسد. یکی از این اسناد پروتکل 2010 پکن بود که کنوانسیون لاهه 1970 را تکمیل نمود و به شیوه های مختلف این کنوانسیون را تقویت نموده است. نوشتار کنونی به مهمترین جنبه های به روز شده مقررات بین المللی حاکم بر مقابله با پدیده هواپیماربایی در پرتو این اسناد می پردازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Legal Aspects of Suppression of Hijacking in the Light of 11th September Legal Developments

نویسنده [English]

  • Mahmoudi Seyed Hadi
چکیده [English]

One of the challenges facing the aviation is the problem of unlawful seizure of aircraft or what the most people say “hijacking” and how to deal with it. In a broader framework, a focused action to deal with the hijacking began at the end of the 60s. It was partly considered in the first aviation security treaty known as Tokyo Convention of 1963. However, due to the importance of suppression of hijacking, it was separately focused in an independent document called Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft known as the Hague Convention 1970. This convention has concentrated on the hijacking in international civil aviation. The author believes that the Hague Convention has achieved its primary goal and somehow as one of the most widely accepted treaties for the suppression of terrorism was successful. However, developments after September eleven which posed new challenges inter alia for aviation, led to a conference in Beijing in 2010 and two new international documents were adopted. One of these documents is the Beijing protocol 2010 which supplements the Hague Convention 1970 and in many ways has strengthened the Convention. Current research is focused on the most important aspects of the updated international rules governing the phenomenon of hijackings in the light of the documents concerned.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aviation Security
  • Hijacking
  • The Hague Convention
  • criminalization
  • The Beijing Protocol
  • Jurisdiction

مراجع

  1. منابع

    الف) فارسی

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    http://www.civilica.com/Paper-ASC03-ASC03_021.html

    1. قانون هواپیمایی کشوری مصوب28/04/ 1328 با اصلاحات بعدی،

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    1. قانون مجازات اخلال‌کنندگان در امنیت پرواز هواپیما و خرابکاری در وسایل و تأسیسات هواپیمایی

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    ب) انگلیسی

    Books and Articles

    1. Abeyratne, Ruwantissa (2010) Aviation Security Law, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
    2. Acharya, Gautam, (2008), The Adequacy of Aviation Security Laws and Airport Security, Central European Journal of International and Security Studies (CEJISS) May 2008 Available at: http://static.cejiss.org/data/uploaded/13835988467511/G.Acharya_Adequacy_of_aviation_security_laws_and_airport_security.pdf
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    4. Fankhauser, Andereas, (2013), Beijing Instruments on aviation security, available at: http://www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/detail.aspx?G=f77dab03-4c72-46c6-a766-5d7d5a669c76 (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    5. Kraśnicka, Izabela Magdalena Perkowska (2011) NEW COUNTER-TERRORISM LEGAL INSTRUMENTS UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION available at: at: http://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/2025/1/BSP_10_2011_Krasnicka_Perkowska.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
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    7. Piera, Alejandro (2014), Michael Gill, Will the New ICAO–Beijing Instruments Build a Chinese Wall for International Aviation Security? Vanderbilt journal of transnational law [vol. 47:145,
    8. Pociask Martin J., The Taking of Aircraft by Force, available at: http://www.rotor.com/membership/rotor/rotorpdf/spring%2040.pdf (last Accessed: 15.October.2015)
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    10. Straits,Georgilas The suppression of Illegal Acts in International Civil Aviation and the Responsibility of the : New Development State available at: http://ghlaw.co.gr/admin/spaw2/uploads/files/beijingconandprotocols.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    11. Van der Toorn Damien,(2010) September 11 Inspired Aviation Counter-terrorism Convention and Protocol Adopted available at: http://www.asil.org/sites/default/files/insight110126pdf.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    12. Verschoor, Isabella Henrietta Philepina Diederiks-, (2006), An Introduction to Air Law, Kluewer Law International.
    13. WITTEN, SAMUEL M. (September 10, 2010) INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO THE CONVENTION ON THE SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL ACTS RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION AND THE PROTOCOL SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL SEIZURE OF AIRCRAFT, 50 ILM 141 (2011) available at: http://www.arnoldporter.com/resources/documents/Two%20New%20Law%20Enforcement%20Cooperation%20Treaties%20Adopted%20at%20International%20Aviation%20Conference%20in%20Beijing.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)

     

    Documents

    1. Chicago Convention - Convention on International Civil Aviation Chicago, December 7, 1944 at: https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/chicago1944a.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    2. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, done at Rome on 10 March 1988. (Deposited with the Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization) https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/Conv8-english.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    3. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 14 December 1973, https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-7.pdf(last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    4. CONVENTION on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation Done at Beijing on 10 September 2010. At: http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/Docs/beijing_convention_multi.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    5. ICAO Annex 17: Security : Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference. Available at: http://www.icao.int/Security/SFP/Pages/Annex17.aspx (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    6. ICAO, Working Paper No. A36-WP/12, Aug. 14, 2007)
    7. International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 17 December 1979 https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf(last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    8. International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 15 December 1997 https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-9.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    9.  Montreal Convention (1971) [.pdf] - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Safety of Civil Aviation Montreal, September 23, 1971 at: https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/montreal1971.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    10. Montreal Convention (1988) [.pdf] - Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation Montreal, February 24, 1988 available at: https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/montreal1988.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    11. Montreal Convention (1991) [.pdf] - Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purposeof Detection
      Montreal, February 24, 1988 at: https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/montreal1991.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    12. PROTOCOL SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL SEIZURE OF AIRCRAFT. At: http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/Docs/beijing_protocol_multi.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    13. Protocol to Amend the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, Done at Montreal on 4 April 2014. At: http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/Docs/Protocole_mu.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    14. Res. A33-1 ICAO, Declaration on misuse of civil aircraft as weapons of destruction and other terrorist acts involving civil aviation, available at: http://www.icao.int/Security/isd/Documents/Doc-9958_A37-17_en.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    15. Res. A37-17 ICAO, Consolidated statement on the continuing ICAO policies related to the safeguarding of international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference available at: http://www.icao.int/Security/isd/Documents/Doc-9958_A37-17_en.pdf(last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    16. S/RES/286, The situation created by increasing incidents involving the hijacking of commercial aircraft, 1970.
    17. The Hague Convention [.pdf] - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft The Hague, December 16, 1970 at: https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/hague1970.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    18. The Universal Security Audit Programme Continuous Monitoring Approach (USAP-CMA) and its Objective available at: http://www.icao.int/security/usap/Pages/default.aspx(last Accessed: 15.June.2015)
    19. Tokyo Convention [.pdf] - Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft
      Tokyo, September 14, 1963 at: https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/tokyo1963.pdf (last Accessed: 15.June.2015).

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