جرم شناسی جرایم حکومتی در پرتو نظریه تلفیقی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

10.22059/jqclcs.2026.412983.2078
چکیده
میتوان با تلفیق گزاره های اصلی نظریه های جرم شناختی جرایم حکومتی را در قالب یک فرآیند فرصت مدار توضیح داد. نظریه ارایه شده در درجه ی اوّل به عوامل ساختاری موثر در جرم حکومتی توجه می کند. این عوامل عبارتند از ساختار سیاسی، ایدئولوژی طبقه حاکم و ساختار اقتصادی که به ترتیب با حاکمیت تمامیت خواه و اقتدارگرا، برتری‌جویی برآمده از ملیت، اعتقاد، طبقه و اقتصاد دولتی یا آزاد زمینه ارتکاب جرایم حکومتی را از طریق ایجاد انگیزه لازم برای ارتکاب جرایم حکومتی نظیر کنترل جامعه، کنترل ایدئولوژیک، منافع و کنترل اقتصادی فراهم میکند. در مرحله بعدی در صورت فقدان مانع و کنترل، حکومت در وضعیت آنومی نهادی قرار گرفته و برای رسیدن به اهداف خود از هیچ اقدامی فروگذار نخواهد کرد. در صورت وجود سازوکارهای کنترلی نیز، حکومت از فنون خنثی سازی و برچسب زنی برای غلبه بر آن ها استفاده می کند. النهایه با وجودِ آماج مناسب که واجد ویژگی هایی چون نا آگاهی، بی تفاوتی مدنی، عدم مشارکت، هراس از حکومت و تبعیت پذیر است جرایم حکومتی رخ خواهد داد. زمانی که حکومت با ارتکاب جرایم حکومتی، به اهداف خود برسد و با فقدان پاسخ مواجه شود از طریق تقویت رفتاری جرایم حکومتی مجددا ارتکاب خواهند یافت. تکرار چند باره جرایم حکومتی به این معنا است که حکومت ارتکاب جرم علیه شهروندانش را آموخته، آن را بدل به منش رفتاری خویش نموده و تبدیل به حکومتی جنایتکار شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

The Criminology of State Crime from the Perspective of Integrated Theory

نویسنده English

hossein javadi hosseinabadi
Assistant Professor. Department of Law. Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics. University of Isfahan. Isfahan. Iran
چکیده English

In the late 1980s, criminology became so entrenched in extreme truth-seeking, theoretical crisis, and the endless competition of theories that it required a dramatic transformation to survive. To solve this problem, criminologists, distancing themselves from modern paradigms, have opened their arms to perspectives that seek the future of criminology in the reconciliation of theories without theoretical competition and extreme simplification. Thus, integrative criminology was born. One of the strategies through which integrative criminology seeks to make criminological theories more profitable is the combination of criminological theories, which is referred to as an integrated theory approach. Despite some criticism, this approach was gradually adopted, and integrated theories were born one after another. However, like other criminological theories, most of the integrated theories in the field of street crime were made, and the integrated analysis of different types of white-collar crimes was ignored. One of the white-collar crimes that suffers from the lack of integrated theory is the violation of fundamental human rights by the governmental organization, which is called state crimes. The characteristics of these crimes, such as being organizational, complex, and related to the power structure, are such that they cannot be explained in just one dimension. Thus, there is no choice but to integrate different theories to explain the state crimes. To achieve this goal, we can use some mainstream criminology theories, such as opportunity, labeling, control theories, neutralization and anomie techniques, as well as critical theories, like Marxist and Structural criminology. Accordingly, by integrating the main propositions of these theories, one can explain state crimes in the form of an opportunistic process. The proposed theory focuses primarily on structural factors affecting the state crime. These factors include the political structure (with totalitarian and authoritarian rule), the ideology of the ruling class (supremacy arising from nationality, religion, class) and the economic structure (command or Free Market Economy) that provide the basis for state crimes by creating the necessary incentives to commit them, such as community control, ideological control, economic interests and control. In the next stage, in the absence of barriers and control, the government will be in an Institutional anomie and will not refrain from taking any action to achieve its goals. If there are control mechanisms, the government uses neutralization and labeling techniques to overcome them. Ultimately, conditions such as ignorance, civic indifference, non-participation, fear of government, and obedience will contribute to the state crimes. When the government achieves its goals by committing state crimes, and there is no reaction against it, it will commit these crimes again through behavioral reinforcement. Repeating state crimes over and over again means that the government has learned to commit crimes against citizens and has made it as a behavioral trait for itself.

In the late 1980s, criminology became so entrenched in extreme truth-seeking, theoretical crisis, and the endless competition of theories that it required a dramatic transformation to survive. To solve this problem, criminologists, distancing themselves from modern paradigms, have opened their arms to perspectives that seek the future of criminology in the reconciliation of theories without theoretical competition and extreme simplification. Thus, integrative criminology was born. One of the strategies through which integrative criminology seeks to make criminological theories more profitable is the combination of criminological theories, which is referred to as an integrated theory approach. Despite some criticism, this approach was gradually adopted, and integrated theories were born one after another. However, like other criminological theories, most of the integrated theories in the field of street crime were made, and the integrated analysis of different types of white-collar crimes was ignored. One of the white-collar crimes that suffers from the lack of integrated theory is the violation of fundamental human rights by the governmental organization, which is called state crimes. The characteristics of these crimes, such as being organizational, complex, and related to the power structure, are such that they cannot be explained in just one dimension. Thus, there is no choice but to integrate different theories to explain the state crimes. To achieve this goal, we can use some mainstream criminology theories, such as opportunity, labeling, control theories, neutralization and anomie techniques, as well as critical theories, like Marxist and Structural criminology. Accordingly, by integrating the main propositions of these theories, one can explain state crimes in the form of an opportunistic process. The proposed theory focuses primarily on structural factors affecting the state crime. These factors include the political structure (with totalitarian and authoritarian rule), the ideology of the ruling class (supremacy arising from nationality, religion, class) and the economic structure (command or Free Market Economy) that provide the basis for state crimes by creating the necessary incentives to commit them, such as community control, ideological control, economic interests and control. In the next stage, in the absence of barriers and control, the government will be in an Institutional anomie and will not refrain from taking any action to achieve its goals. If there are control mechanisms, the government uses neutralization and labeling techniques to overcome them. Ultimately, conditions such as ignorance, civic indifference, non-participation, fear of government, and obedience will contribute to the state crimes. When the government achieves its goals by committing state crimes, and there is no reaction against it, it will commit these crimes again through behavioral reinforcement. Repeating state crimes over and over again means that the government has learned to commit crimes against citizens and has made it as a behavioral trait for itself.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

abuse of power
state crime
human rights violation
Integrative criminology
Integrated Theory

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انتشار آنلاین از 17 مهر 1405