The Function and Influence of the UN Security Council on the ‎Development of the ICC Jurisdiction‏ ‏‎(with Emphasis on the Resolutions ‎Issued against the Crime of Cyber-Aggression)‎

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Criminal Law and Criminology, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. ‎

2 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, ‎Tehran, Iran.‎

3 Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

4 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, ‎Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

10.22059/jqclcs.2023.351373.1799

Abstract

Cyber aggression is one of the crimes that has been discussed in the international legal regime due to the late progress of technology. This qualitative research was conducted in terms of purpose, practical and in terms of gathering information in a documentary way and through laws, international documents, the obtained information was analyzed in a descriptive-analytical form in order to answer this question: if the Jurisdiction of confirmation the cyber aggression by the Security Council is not exclusive, what is the function and influence of the United Nations Security Council on the development of jurisdiction of other authorities such as the International Criminal Court? The findings of the research show that Article 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court does not include the actions of private individuals, only if a cyber attack can be considered as an aggression if it is an "armed attack". Law 12 of the Tallinn guidelines is also clear in this regard. The competence of the Security Council in the matter of verifying cyber aggression has precedence and priority, this precedence does not constitute exclusive jurisdiction. The jurisdictional regime of the court in recognizing the crime of aggression in the case of government referrals and appropriate investigations can be applied only after approval or acceptance by each of two aggressor and the alleged victim member state. The Security Council can refer a situation to the International Criminal Court or suspend the prosecution and investigation of the Court temporarily, extendable and obliged for one years.

Keywords

References

  1. الف) فارسی

    1. آقایی، سید داود و قاسمی، فائزه (1392). راهکار پیشنهادی برای اصلاح شورای امنیت سازمان ملل. فصلنامۀ سیاست، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، تهران، 43(3)، 107-122.
    2. آل‌حبیب، اسحاق و ارسنجانی، ماه‌نوش (1382). دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی و جمهوری اسلامی ایران، «اساسنامۀ دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی رم». چ هشتم، تهران: مرکز چاپ و انتشارات وزارت امور خارجه.
    3. اسماعیل‌زادۀ ملاباشی، پرستو (1396). حملۀ سایبری به‌مثابۀ جنایت تجاوز و بررسی صلاحیت دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی در رسیدگی به آن. مجلۀ پژوهش‌های حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، ص 52.
    4. اشمیت، ‌‫مایکل ان (1394). راهنمای تالین در خصوص «حقوق بین‌الملل قابل اعمال در جنگ‌های سایبری». ترجمۀ گروه مترجمان، تهران: جهان جام جم.
    5. حجازی، امرالدین و صلح‌چی، محمدعلی (1399). «تأثیر شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد و عدالت کیفری بین‌المللی. پژوهش حقوق کیفری، 9(33).
    6. دارابی‌نیا، مرتضی و فروغی‌نیا، حسین (1394). رابطۀ شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد با دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی در زمینۀ جنایت تجاوز سرزمینی. پژوهشنامۀ حقوق کیفری، 11، 141-170.
    7. دیهیم، علیرضا (1384). درآمدی بر حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی در پرتو اساسنامۀ دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی. تهران: وزارت امور خارجه، مرکز چاپ و انتشارات.
    8. ذاکرحسین، محمدهادی (1401). اختیارات دادستان دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی در آغاز فرایند ارزیابی مقدماتی. حقوق دادگستری، 117، 59-81.
    9. سودمندی، عبدالمجید (1394). رسیدگی به جنایت تجاوز در دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی. چ اول، تهران: نگاه بینه.
    10. شایگان، فریده (1380). شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد و مفهوم صلح و امنیت بین‌المللی. چ اول، زیر نظر دکتر جمشید ممتاز، تهران: دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران.
    11. شایگان‌فرد، مجید (1387). دیوان بین‌المللی کیفری و صلاحیت رسیدگی به جنایت تجاوز. مطالعات حقوق خصوصی، 38(4)، 255-279.
    12. لنتنر، گابریل‌ام (1398). شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد و دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی: سازوکار ارجاع در نظریه و عمل. چ اول، تهران: خرسندی.
    13. میرمحمدصادقی، حسین (1400). دادگاه کیفری بین‌المللی. چ دهم، تهران: دادگستر.
    14. نجفی ابرندآبادی، علی‌حسین (1391). تقریرات درس جرم‌شناسی؛ از جرم‌شناسی انتقادی تا جرم‌شناسی امنیتی. دورۀ دکتری حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی، تهران: دانشکدۀ حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.

    ب) انگلیسی

    1. Akande, D. (2008). The International Court of Justice and the Security Council: Is there Room for Judicial Control of Decisions of the Political Organs of the United Nations?. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 46(2), 309-343.
    2. Ambos, K. (2016). Individual Criminal Responsibility for Cyber Aggression. Journal of Conflict & Security Law, 21(3), 495-504.
    3. Kai, A.(2010). The Crime of Aggression after Kampala. German Year Book of International Law, 53, p.509.
    4. Barriga S, Blokker N (2017).Entry into Force and Conditions for the Exercise of Jurisdiction: Cross-Cutting Issues. In: Kreß C, Barriga S (eds) The Crime of Aggression: A Commentary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridgeو 621–645.
    5. Bassiouni, MC (1994). The United Nations Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992).American Journal of International Law, 88(4), 784 – 805.
    6. Binder, C. (2017). Uniting for Peace Resolution (1950). Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law. Oxford University.
    7. Blokker, N. (2007). The Crime Of Aggression And The United Nations Security Council. Leiden Journal Of International Law, 20, 867-894.
    8. Burchill, S. (1996). Theories of International.University Press.
    9. Claus Kreß (2019). On the Activation of icc Jurisdiction over the Crime of Aggression. Queen Mary Studies in International Law, 33, 43-64.
    10. Czosseck, C. (2011). Estonia after the 2007 Cyber Attacks: Legal, Strategic and Organisational Changes in Cyber Security. International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 1, 183-194.
    11. Darcy, S. (2021). Accident And Design: Recognising Victims Of Aggression In International Law. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 70(1), pp 103-132.
    12. Dinstein, Y. (2017). War, aggression and self-defence. sixth edition, Cambridge University Press.
    13. Efrony, D., & Shany, Y. (2018). A Rule Book on the Shelf? Tallinn Manual 2.0 on Cyberoperations and Subsequent State Practice. American Journal of International Law, 112(4), 583-657.
    14. Escarameia, P. (2017). The International Criminal Court and the Crime of Aggression, Ashgate.
    15. Frowein, J. A.(1998). Unilateral Interpretation of Security Council Resolutions-A Threat to Collective Security?.. In Liber Amicorum Günther Jaenicke-Zum 85 Geburtstag, edited by Volkmar Götz, Peter Selmer and Rüdiger Wolfrum, 89-134. Berlin: Springer.
    16. Gruenberg, J. (2009). An Analysis of United Nations Security Council Resolutions: Are All Countries Treated Equall?. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 41.
    17. Grigg, D.W (2010). “Cyber-Aggression: Definition and Concept of Cyberbullying” Aust. J. Guid. Counsell. Vol 20.
    18. Heller, kj. (2020). Who Is Afraid of the Crime of Aggression?. Journal of International Criminal Justice,. 18(1), 2019-2031.
    19. Hongju, Koh, Harold & Buchwald, Todd F (2017). The Crime of Aggression: The United States Perspective. American Journal of International Law , 109 (2), 257 – 295.
    20. Horowitz, J. (2020). Cyber Operations under International Humanitarian Law: Perspectives from the ICRC. ASIL Insights.
    21. ICC-Reviw conference of the Rome Staute cocludes in kampala, Available at https://asp.icc-cpi.int/reviewconference/pressreleaserc/review-conference-of-the-rome-statute-concludes-in-kampala
    22. Madubuike-Ekwe, J. N. (2021). Cyberattack and the Use of Force in International Law. Beijing Law Review, 12, 631-649.
    23. McDougall, C. (2021). The Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press.
    24. Ocampo L.M. (2009.) The International Criminal Court in motion, in Stahn C. and Sluiter G., eds, The Emerging practice of the International Criminal Court. MartinusNijhoff, Leiden-Boston.
    25. O’Connell, M. E. & Niyazmatov, M (2012). What is Aggression? Comparing the Jus ad Bellum and the ICC Statute. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 10, 189-207.
    26. Ohlin J. (2009). Peace, Security and Prosecutorial Discretion, in C. Stahn and G. Sluiter (eds), in Stahn C. and Sluiter , eds, The Emerging practice of the International Criminal Court, MartinusNijhoff, Leiden-Boston
    27. Orakhelashvili, A. (2005). The Impact of Peremptory Norms on the Interpretation and Application of United Nations Security Council Resolutions. The European Journal of International Law, 16(1), 59-88
    28. Pellet, A. (2002). Applicable Law." In The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, Vol.II., edited by Antonio Cassese. Paola Gaeta and John R.W D .Jones, 1051-1084. Oxford: Oxford Univevsity Press
    29. Petty, K. (2008). Sixty Year in the Making: the Definition of Aggression for the International Criminal Court. University Law Center.
    30. Politi, M. (2012). The ICC and the Crime of Aggression: A Dream that Came Through and the Reality Ahead. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 10(1), 267–288.
    31. Roshanaei, M (2021). Resilience at the Core: Critical Infrastructure Protection Challenges, Priorities and Cybersecurity Assessment Strategies. Journal of Computer and Communications, 9 (8), 80-102
    32. Ruys, T. (2018). Criminalizing Aggression: How the Future of the Law on the Use of Force Rests in the Hands of the ICC. European Journal of International Law, 29(3), , 887–917.
    33. Scafferling C (2012). International Criminal Procedure, Oxford.
    34. Shackelford, S. J. (2010). Estonia Two-and-A-Half Years Later: A Progress Report on Combating Cyber Attacks. Journal of Internet Lawl 21, 230-242.
    35. Shirley V. Scott (2010). International Law in World Politics. Second Edition, Lynne Rienner Publishers.

     

     

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics