Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 PhD Student of Criminal law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University
2 Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University
3 Associate Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University
4 Associate Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, University of Tehran
Abstract
Keywords
12. American Bar Association (1995). The Crisis in Indigent Defense (Washington, D.C.: ABA).
13. Ashworth Andrew (2010), Sentencing and Criminal Justice, Cambridge University Press, Fifth edition.
14. Blumberg S., Abraham (1967). The practice of law as a confidence game: Organizational cooperation of a profession, Law and Society Review, 1.
15. Boillat Philippe, ÓFlaherty Michael (2016). Handbook on European Law relating to access to justice, Luxembourg, Publication Office of the European Union.
16. Chambliss T. William (1995). Another Lost War: The Costs and Consequences of Drug Prohibition, Social Justice, Vol 22, No. 2 (60).
17. Heffernan C. William and Kleinig John (2000). From Social Justice to Criminal Justice, Oxford University Press.
18. Holden Pauline, Balkin Steven (1985), Quality and Cost Comparisons of Private Bar Indigent Defense System: Contract vs. Ordered Assigned Counsel, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 76, Issue 1.
19. Jayawickrama Nihal (2002), The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law; National, Regional and International Jurisprudence, Cambridge University Press.
20. Lassiter v. Department of Social Services (2017/4/28), available at: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/452/18
21. McIntyre J. Lisa (1987). The Public Defender: The Practice of Law in the Shadows of Repute, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
22. McLaughlin Eugene and Muncie John (2001). The Sage Dictionary of Criminology, Sage Publication, First Published.
23. Neubauer W. David (2008). America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System. Ninth Edition, Thomson Wadsworth.
24. Paying for Justic ( 2017/4/20). Available at: http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-01-16/news/0001160046_1_federal-courts-out-of-court-work-criminal-justice-system
25. Rattner Arye, Turjeman Hagit, Fishman Gideon (2008). Public versus private defense: Can money buy justice?, Journal of Criminal Justice, 36.
26. Sepúlveda Carmona Magdalena and Donald Kate (2008). Access to justice for persons living in poverty: a human rights approach, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).
27. Skolnick H. Jerome (1967). Social control in the adversary system, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 11.
28. Soros George and Hasan Abed Fazle (2012). Rule of Law can Rid the World of Poverty, Financial Times, 28.
29. Spohn Cassia and DeLone Miriam (2000). when does race matter? An analysis of the conditions under which race affects sentence severity, Sociology of Crime and Deviance, 2.
30. Sterling J. S (1983). Retained Counsel vs. the Public Defender: The Impact of Type of Counsel on Charge Bargaining, in The Defense Coundel 151 (McDonald ed).
31. Sue Backus Mary and Marcus Paul (2005). The Crisis in Indigent Defense: A National Perspective, The Journal of the Virginia Trial Lawyers Association, Fall/ Winter.
32. Turvey E. Brent, Cooley M. Caraig (2014). Miscarriage of justice, Actual innocence, forensic evidence, and law, Academic Press.