The “12-Day War” waged by the occupying Israeli regime, with the support and backing of Western states—particularly the United States—was carried out through a series of military strikes and targeted assassinations, especially against Iran’s nuclear scientists. These actions, in addition to violating fundamental principles of international humanitarian law such as the principles of distinction and proportionality, can be analyzed from a criminological perspective as “state terrorism as a form of state crime.” The primary question of this study is the possibility of identifying and analyzing the assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists within the framework of state crime. The study employs a conceptual–theoretical and comparative methodology, relying on sources from international law, humanitarian documents, and theories of state criminology to examine the criteria for the occurrence of state terrorism. The findings indicate that the assassinations possessed three essential components of state crime: commission by the government as a whole, systematic action, and human rights violations. Moreover, specific characteristics of state terrorism—such as organizational rationality, ideological justification of violence, institutionalization of repression, and collective intimidation—were also evident in the behavior of the Israeli regime. Accordingly, the assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists during the 12-Day War can be considered a clear example of “systematic state terrorism” situated within the framework of state crime, carrying extensive legal and criminological implications in contemporary international law.